-->

منصة الفكر

مرحبا بكم في مدونتنا التي تهتم بنشر الوعي في مختلف المجالات المعرفية. نسعى من خلالها إلى مشاركة المعلومات والأفكار ذات الفائدة في العلوم والآداب والعلوم الإنسانية بأسلوب مبسط وشيق. كما نتناول القضايا السياسية والاجتماعية الملحة من منظور تحليلي بعيدًا عن التحيز. يكتب في المدونة نخبة من المثقفين والمختصين في مجالاتهم، فأهلا وسهلا بكم للاستفادة من المعلومات وتبادل وجهات النظر معنا ومع بعضكم البعض".

Affichage des articles dont le libellé est تاريخ ، سياسة. Afficher tous les articles

تاريخ ، سياسة

السلطان عبد الحميد الثاني ورفضه للمشروع الصهيوني: بين الضغوط الخارجية والصراعات الداخلية

أحمد ‏البدوي

12 février 2025 (0)

السلطان عبد الحميد الثاني ورفضه للمشروع الصهيوني: بين الضغوط الخارجية والصراعات الداخلية مقدمة شهدت أواخر القرن التاسع عشر تحولات كبرى في المنطقة العربية والإسلامية، حيث كانت ال…

window['__wavt'] = 'AOuZoY4CZZqMdfvSmRr5Z6SYVUF5GXww6Q:1741535057500';_WidgetManager._Init('//www.blogger.com/rearrange?blogID\x3d8388610332952535976','//3lomwadab.blogspot.com/search/label/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%20%D8%8C%20%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9?hl\x3dfr','8388610332952535976'); _WidgetManager._SetDataContext([{'name': 'blog', 'data': {'blogId': '8388610332952535976', 'title': '\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631', 'url': 'https://3lomwadab.blogspot.com/search/label/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%20%D8%8C%20%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9?hl\x3dfr', 'canonicalUrl': 'https://3lomwadab.blogspot.com/search/label/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%20%D8%8C%20%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9', 'homepageUrl': 'https://3lomwadab.blogspot.com/?hl\x3dfr', 'searchUrl': 'https://3lomwadab.blogspot.com/search', 'canonicalHomepageUrl': 'https://3lomwadab.blogspot.com/', 'blogspotFaviconUrl': 'https://3lomwadab.blogspot.com/favicon.ico', 'bloggerUrl': 'https://www.blogger.com', 'hasCustomDomain': false, 'httpsEnabled': true, 'enabledCommentProfileImages': true, 'gPlusViewType': 'FILTERED_POSTMOD', 'adultContent': false, 'analyticsAccountNumber': '', 'encoding': 'UTF-8', 'locale': 'fr', 'localeUnderscoreDelimited': 'fr', 'languageDirection': 'ltr', 'isPrivate': false, 'isMobile': false, 'isMobileRequest': false, 'mobileClass': '', 'isPrivateBlog': false, 'isDynamicViewsAvailable': true, 'feedLinks': '\x3clink rel\x3d\x22alternate\x22 type\x3d\x22application/atom+xml\x22 title\x3d\x22\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 - Atom\x22 href\x3d\x22https://3lomwadab.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default\x22 /\x3e\n\x3clink rel\x3d\x22alternate\x22 type\x3d\x22application/rss+xml\x22 title\x3d\x22\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 - RSS\x22 href\x3d\x22https://3lomwadab.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default?alt\x3drss\x22 /\x3e\n\x3clink rel\x3d\x22service.post\x22 type\x3d\x22application/atom+xml\x22 title\x3d\x22\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 - Atom\x22 href\x3d\x22https://www.blogger.com/feeds/8388610332952535976/posts/default\x22 /\x3e\n', 'meTag': '\x3clink rel\x3d\x22me\x22 href\x3d\x22https://www.blogger.com/profile/09649017215800458825\x22 /\x3e\n', 'adsenseClientId': 'ca-pub-6419535273822549', 'adsenseHostId': 'ca-host-pub-1556223355139109', 'adsenseHasAds': true, 'adsenseAutoAds': true, 'boqCommentIframeForm': true, 'loginRedirectParam': '', 'view': '', 'dynamicViewsCommentsSrc': '//www.blogblog.com/dynamicviews/4224c15c4e7c9321/js/comments.js', 'dynamicViewsScriptSrc': '//www.blogblog.com/dynamicviews/be2648012a8fc17b', 'plusOneApiSrc': 'https://apis.google.com/js/platform.js', 'disableGComments': true, 'interstitialAccepted': false, 'sharing': {'platforms': [{'name': 'Obtenir le lien', 'key': 'link', 'shareMessage': 'Obtenir le lien', 'target': ''}, {'name': 'Facebook', 'key': 'facebook', 'shareMessage': 'Partager sur Facebook', 'target': 'facebook'}, {'name': 'BlogThis!', 'key': 'blogThis', 'shareMessage': 'BlogThis!', 'target': 'blog'}, {'name': 'X', 'key': 'twitter', 'shareMessage': 'Partager sur X', 'target': 'twitter'}, {'name': 'Pinterest', 'key': 'pinterest', 'shareMessage': 'Partager sur Pinterest', 'target': 'pinterest'}, {'name': 'E-mail', 'key': 'email', 'shareMessage': 'E-mail', 'target': 'email'}], 'disableGooglePlus': true, 'googlePlusShareButtonWidth': 0, 'googlePlusBootstrap': '\x3cscript type\x3d\x22text/javascript\x22\x3ewindow.___gcfg \x3d {\x27lang\x27: \x27fr\x27};\x3c/script\x3e'}, 'hasCustomJumpLinkMessage': true, 'jumpLinkMessage': 'Read more \xbb', 'pageType': 'index', 'searchLabel': '\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629', 'pageName': '\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629', 'pageTitle': '\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629', 'metaDescription': ''}}, {'name': 'features', 'data': {}}, {'name': 'messages', 'data': {'edit': 'Modifier', 'linkCopiedToClipboard': 'Lien copi\xe9 dans le presse-papiers\xa0!', 'ok': 'OK', 'postLink': 'Publier le lien'}}, {'name': 'template', 'data': {'name': 'custom', 'localizedName': 'Personnaliser', 'isResponsive': true, 'isAlternateRendering': false, 'isCustom': true}}, {'name': 'view', 'data': {'classic': {'name': 'classic', 'url': '?view\x3dclassic'}, 'flipcard': {'name': 'flipcard', 'url': '?view\x3dflipcard'}, 'magazine': {'name': 'magazine', 'url': '?view\x3dmagazine'}, 'mosaic': {'name': 'mosaic', 'url': '?view\x3dmosaic'}, 'sidebar': {'name': 'sidebar', 'url': '?view\x3dsidebar'}, 'snapshot': {'name': 'snapshot', 'url': '?view\x3dsnapshot'}, 'timeslide': {'name': 'timeslide', 'url': '?view\x3dtimeslide'}, 'isMobile': false, 'title': '\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631', 'description': '', 'url': 'https://3lomwadab.blogspot.com/search/label/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%20%D8%8C%20%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9?hl\x3dfr', 'type': 'feed', 'isSingleItem': false, 'isMultipleItems': true, 'isError': false, 'isPage': false, 'isPost': false, 'isHomepage': false, 'isArchive': false, 'isSearch': true, 'isLabelSearch': true, 'search': {'label': '\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629', 'resultsMessage': 'Affichage des articles associ\xe9s au libell\xe9 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629', 'resultsMessageHtml': 'Affichage des articles associ\xe9s au libell\xe9 \x3cspan class\x3d\x27search-label\x27\x3e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\x3c/span\x3e'}}}, {'name': 'widgets', 'data': [{'title': 'BlogArchive', 'type': 'BlogArchive', 'sectionId': 'TemplateInsert', 'id': 'BlogArchive300'}, {'title': 'BlogLabels', 'type': 'Label', 'sectionId': 'TemplateInsert', 'id': 'Label300'}, {'title': '\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628', 'type': 'LinkList', 'sectionId': 'TemplateInsert', 'id': 'LinkList300'}, {'title': '\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a', 'type': 'PageList', 'sectionId': 'pages', 'id': 'PageList301'}, {'title': '\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b', 'type': 'HTML', 'sectionId': 'pages', 'id': 'HTML301'}, {'title': '\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a', 'type': 'LinkList', 'sectionId': 'pages', 'id': 'LinkList301'}, {'title': '\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 (en-t\xeate)', 'type': 'Header', 'sectionId': 'head-container', 'id': 'Header1'}, {'title': '\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648', 'type': 'HTML', 'sectionId': 'head-container', 'id': 'HTML302'}, {'title': '\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629', 'type': 'LinkList', 'sectionId': 'menu-bar', 'id': 'LinkList302'}, {'title': '\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b', 'type': 'HTML', 'sectionId': 'RecentPosts', 'id': 'HTML305'}, {'title': 'Articles du blog', 'type': 'Blog', 'sectionId': 'RecentPosts', 'id': 'Blog1', 'posts': [{'id': '4679140374537825460', 'title': '\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629', 'featuredImage': 'https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi9UnB0TPdp_3acLkCwz0fGqEC9H1IGSRnVtyMp3bkKt3vNcPhgOC2Pa2g3BEdj8eBGNy4buCH_3ZgtjRNQedT3jGkrPITtxibBi8jsW82NlAWS1RC0WH-yW0AhHeu_v3Rlfps3BjcmQt7kNsiisdziZNxROhsZht_FKP6JpfxJYYJyKwViqjT08_vBl6aD', 'showInlineAds': false}], 'headerByline': {'regionName': 'header1', 'items': [{'name': 'share', 'label': ''}, {'name': 'author', 'label': '\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629'}, {'name': 'timestamp', 'label': ''}]}, 'footerBylines': [{'regionName': 'footer1', 'items': [{'name': 'comments', 'label': 'comments'}, {'name': 'icons', 'label': ''}]}, {'regionName': 'footer2', 'items': [{'name': 'labels', 'label': ''}]}], 'allBylineItems': [{'name': 'share', 'label': ''}, {'name': 'author', 'label': '\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629'}, {'name': 'timestamp', 'label': ''}, {'name': 'comments', 'label': 'comments'}, {'name': 'icons', 'label': ''}, {'name': 'labels', 'label': ''}]}, {'title': 'Formulaire de contact', 'type': 'ContactForm', 'sectionId': 'RecentPosts', 'id': 'ContactForm302'}, {'title': '\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a', 'type': 'LinkList', 'sectionId': 'RecentPosts', 'id': 'LinkList500'}, {'title': '\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a [SM]', 'type': 'LinkList', 'sectionId': 'sidebar-section', 'id': 'LinkList3'}, {'title': '\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639', 'type': 'PopularPosts', 'sectionId': 'sidebar-section', 'id': 'PopularPosts1', 'posts': [{'title': '\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629', 'id': 4679140374537825460}, {'title': '\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a', 'id': 125772102762070460}, {'title': '\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0671\u0642\u0635\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 ', 'id': 3732351360330298812}]}, {'title': 'Libell\xe9s', 'type': 'Label', 'sectionId': 'sidebar-section', 'id': 'Label1'}, {'title': 'Formulaire de contact', 'type': 'ContactForm', 'sectionId': 'col-2', 'id': 'ContactForm1'}, {'title': '\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a', 'type': 'PageList', 'sectionId': 'col-4', 'id': 'PageList1'}, {'title': '\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642', 'type': 'HTML', 'sectionId': 'license', 'id': 'HTML306'}]}]); _WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_BlogArchiveView', new _WidgetInfo('BlogArchive300', 'TemplateInsert', document.getElementById('BlogArchive300'), {'languageDirection': 'ltr', 'loadingMessage': 'Chargement\x26hellip;'}, 'displayModeFull')); _WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_LabelView', new _WidgetInfo('Label300', 'TemplateInsert', document.getElementById('Label300'), {}, 'displayModeFull')); _WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_LinkListView', new _WidgetInfo('LinkList300', 'TemplateInsert', document.getElementById('LinkList300'), {}, 'displayModeFull')); _WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_PageListView', new _WidgetInfo('PageList301', 'pages', document.getElementById('PageList301'), {'title': '\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a', 'links': [{'isCurrentPage': false, 'href': 'https://3lomwadab.blogspot.com/?hl\x3dfr', 'title': '\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629'}], 'mobile': false, 'showPlaceholder': true, 'hasCurrentPage': false}, 'displayModeFull')); _WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_HTMLView', new _WidgetInfo('HTML301', 'pages', document.getElementById('HTML301'), {}, 'displayModeFull')); _WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_LinkListView', new _WidgetInfo('LinkList301', 'pages', document.getElementById('LinkList301'), {}, 'displayModeFull')); _WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_HeaderView', new _WidgetInfo('Header1', 'head-container', document.getElementById('Header1'), {}, 'displayModeFull')); _WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_HTMLView', new _WidgetInfo('HTML302', 'head-container', document.getElementById('HTML302'), {}, 'displayModeFull')); _WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_LinkListView', new _WidgetInfo('LinkList302', 'menu-bar', document.getElementById('LinkList302'), {}, 'displayModeFull')); _WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_HTMLView', new _WidgetInfo('HTML305', 'RecentPosts', document.getElementById('HTML305'), {}, 'displayModeFull')); _WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_BlogView', new _WidgetInfo('Blog1', 'RecentPosts', document.getElementById('Blog1'), {'cmtInteractionsEnabled': false, 'navMessage': 'Affichage des articles dont le libell\xe9 est \x3cb\x3e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u060c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\x3c/b\x3e. \x3ca href\x3d\x22https://3lomwadab.blogspot.com/\x22\x3eAfficher tous les articles\x3c/a\x3e', 'lightboxEnabled': true, 'lightboxModuleUrl': 'https://www.blogger.com/static/v1/jsbin/770122678-lbx__fr.js', 'lightboxCssUrl': 'https://www.blogger.com/static/v1/v-css/1964470060-lightbox_bundle.css'}, 'displayModeFull')); _WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_ContactFormView', new _WidgetInfo('ContactForm302', 'RecentPosts', document.getElementById('ContactForm302'), {'contactFormMessageSendingMsg': 'Envoi en cours...', 'contactFormMessageSentMsg': 'Votre message a \xe9t\xe9 envoy\xe9.', 'contactFormMessageNotSentMsg': 'Impossible d\x27envoyer le message. Veuillez r\xe9essayer ult\xe9rieurement.', 'contactFormInvalidEmailMsg': 'Veuillez indiquer une adresse e-mail valide.', 'contactFormEmptyMessageMsg': 'Le champ de message doit \xeatre renseign\xe9.', 'title': 'Formulaire de contact', 'blogId': '8388610332952535976', 'contactFormNameMsg': 'Nom', 'contactFormEmailMsg': 'E-mail', 'contactFormMessageMsg': 'Message', 'contactFormSendMsg': 'Envoyer', 'contactFormToken': 'AOuZoY42IVU12eeZ167GqN2QF0umn0v1Lw:1741535057501', 'submitUrl': 'https://www.blogger.com/contact-form.do'}, 'displayModeFull')); _WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_LinkListView', new _WidgetInfo('LinkList500', 'RecentPosts', document.getElementById('LinkList500'), {}, 'displayModeFull')); _WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_LinkListView', new _WidgetInfo('LinkList3', 'sidebar-section', document.getElementById('LinkList3'), {}, 'displayModeFull')); _WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_PopularPostsView', new _WidgetInfo('PopularPosts1', 'sidebar-section', document.getElementById('PopularPosts1'), {}, 'displayModeFull')); _WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_LabelView', new _WidgetInfo('Label1', 'sidebar-section', document.getElementById('Label1'), {}, 'displayModeFull')); _WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_ContactFormView', new _WidgetInfo('ContactForm1', 'col-2', document.getElementById('ContactForm1'), {'contactFormMessageSendingMsg': 'Envoi en cours...', 'contactFormMessageSentMsg': 'Votre message a \xe9t\xe9 envoy\xe9.', 'contactFormMessageNotSentMsg': 'Impossible d\x27envoyer le message. Veuillez r\xe9essayer ult\xe9rieurement.', 'contactFormInvalidEmailMsg': 'Veuillez indiquer une adresse e-mail valide.', 'contactFormEmptyMessageMsg': 'Le champ de message doit \xeatre renseign\xe9.', 'title': 'Formulaire de contact', 'blogId': '8388610332952535976', 'contactFormNameMsg': 'Nom', 'contactFormEmailMsg': 'E-mail', 'contactFormMessageMsg': 'Message', 'contactFormSendMsg': 'Envoyer', 'contactFormToken': 'AOuZoY42IVU12eeZ167GqN2QF0umn0v1Lw:1741535057501', 'submitUrl': 'https://www.blogger.com/contact-form.do'}, 'displayModeFull')); _WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_PageListView', new _WidgetInfo('PageList1', 'col-4', document.getElementById('PageList1'), {'title': '\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a', 'links': [{'isCurrentPage': false, 'href': 'https://3lomwadab.blogspot.com/?hl\x3dfr', 'title': '\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629'}], 'mobile': false, 'showPlaceholder': true, 'hasCurrentPage': false}, 'displayModeFull')); _WidgetManager._RegisterWidget('_HTMLView', new _WidgetInfo('HTML306', 'license', document.getElementById('HTML306'), {}, 'displayModeFull'));